Lesson 1
الجُمْلَةُ المُفِْيْدَةُ – الجُمْلَةُ الاِسْمِيَّةُ – المُبْتَدَأُ والخَبَرُ – الإِضَافَةُ
A useful sentence (الجُمْلَةُ المُفِيْدَةُ) is a sentence that makes a complete sense.
‘Kamal is a student’ is a complete sentence whereas only “Kamal” or only “student” does not make a useful sentence.
A nominal sentence (الجُمْلَةُ الاِسْمِيَّةُ) starts from a noun (المُبْتَدَأُ) followed by the information about that noun (الخَبَرُ) and both المُبْتَدَأ and الخَبَرُ are مَرْفُوْعٌ (U or Un sound in Arabic).
(كَمَالٌ طَالِبٌ) Kamal is a student where ‘Kamal’ is المُبْتَدَأُ and ‘a student’ is الخَبَرُ.
المُبْتَدَأُ can be a pronoun like هُوَ (He) or اِسْمُ الإِشَارةِ like هَذا (This).
الخَبَرُ can be a noun (الاِسْمٌ), a complete sentence (الجُمْلَةُ) or a fragment (more than word but less than a sentence شِبْهُ الجُمْلَةِ).
الطَّالِبُ مُجْتَهِدٌ The student is hardworking (مُجْتَهِدٌ is الخَبَرُ which is a noun that gives information about the student)
الطَّالِبُ يَدْرُسُ The student studies (يَدْرُسُ is الخَبَرُ which is a present tense sentence دَرَسَ يَدْرُسُ)
الكِتَابُ عَلى الطَّاوِلَةِ The book is on the table (عَلَى الطَّاوِلَةِ is شِبْهُ الجُمْلَةِ)
Al-Idafah (الإِضَافَةُ) shows the possession of something to someone. For example, (بَيْتُ كَمَالٍ) Kamal’s house, house is called المُضَافُ (the thing possessed) and Kamal is called المُضَافُ إِلَيْهِ (the possessor).
Note that المُضَافُ إِلَيْهِ is always مَجْرُوْرٌ (E or In sound in Arabic).
Lesson 2
الجُمْلَةُ الفِعْلِيَّةُ – الفَاعِلُ – المَفْعُوْلُ بِهِ – الضَّمَائِرُ
A verbal sentence (الجُمْلَةُ الفِعْلِيَّةُ) starts from a verb (فِعْلٌ) followed by the subject (فَاعِلٌ) in مَرْفْوْعٌ form (U or Un sound in Arabic) and sometimes also by the object (مَفْعُوْلٌ بِهِ) in مَنْصُوْبٌ form (A or An sound in Arabic).
For example, (سَمِعَ كَمَالٌ النَّاسَ) Kamal heard the people where ‘heard’ (سَمِعَ) is a verb (فِعْلٌ), ‘Kamal’ is the subject (فَاعِلٌ) and ‘the people’ (النَّاسَ) is the object (مَفْعُوْلٌ).
الفَاعِلُ can be a noun, a pronoun or a hidden pronoun whereas المَفْعُوْلُ بِهِ can be a noun, a pronoun but never a hidden pronoun.
Lesson 3
الأَفْعَالُ العَرَبِيَّةُ – The Arabic Verbs
There are two kinds of verbs in Arabic – past tense (الفِعْلُ المَاضِي) and present tense (الفِعْلُ المُضَارِعُ).
Lesson 4
مَا الإِعْرِابُ؟ – إِعْرَابُ الاِسْمِ – إِعْرِابُ الفِعْلِ – الأفْعَالُ الخَمْسَةُ
What is “الإِعْرَابُ”?
إِعْرَابُ الاِسْمِ – Declension of a Noun
When we say مُحَمَّدٌ طَالِبٌ Mohammad is a student. We can define this sentence as:
ُمُحَمَّدٌ: مُبْتَدَأ مَرْفُوْعٌ وَعَلَامُةُ الرَفْعِ الضَمَّة
This is “Irab” of the word Mohammad which means that المُبْتَدَأُ is مَرْفُوْعٌ and الضَمَّةُ (Un sound) is the sign for that.
طَالِبٌ: خَبَرٌ مَرْفُوْعٌ وَعَلَامُةُ الرَفْعِ الضَمَّة
This is the “Irab” of the sentence مُحمَّدُ طَالِبٌ which is a nominal sentence (الجُمْلَةُ الاِسْمِيَةُ).
الاِسْمُ المُعْرَبُ والاِسْمُ المَبْنِيُّ
Some nouns (الاِسْمُ المُعْرَبُ) decline from مَرْفُوْعٌ to مَنْصُوْبٌ to مَجْرُوْرٌ (Un An In or U A E sound in Arabic) according to their function in the sentence while other fixed nouns (الاِسْمُ المَبْنِيُّ) do not decline.
How do we write “Irab” of الاِسْمُ المُعْرَبُ?
مَرْفُوْعٌ وعَلَامُةُ الرَّفْعِ الضَّمَّةُ when the noun has Un or U sound
مَنْصُوْبٌ وعَلَامُةُ النَّصْبِ الفَتْحَةُ when the noun has An or A sound
مَجْرُوْرٌ وعَلَامُةُ الجَرِّ الكَسْرَةُ when the noun has In or E should
How do we write “Irab” of الاِسْمُ المَبْنِيُّ (fixed noun)?
مَبْنِيٌّ عَلَى الفَتْحِ أو الضَّمِّ أو الكَسْرِ أو السَّكُوْنِ فِيْ مَحَلِّ رَفْعٍ أو نَصْبٍ أو جَرٍّ
إعْرَابُ الفِعْلِ (The moods of the verb)
الفِعْلُ المَاضِي – The past tense
الفِعْلُ المَاضِيُ is always مَبْنِيٌ (does not decline).
(هُوَ ذَهَبَ – هِيَ ذَهَبَتْ – هُمَا ذَهَبَتَا) مَبْنِيٌ عَلَى الفَتْحِ with pronous هُوَ – هِيَ – هُمَا
(أنَا ذَهَبْتُ – نَحْنُ ذَهَبْنَا – أنْتَ ذَهَبْتَ – أنْتِ ذَهَبْتِ – أنْتُمَا ذَهَبْتُمَا – أنتُمْ ذَهَبْتُمْ – أنْتُنَّ ذَهَبْتُنَّ) مَبْنِيٌ عَلَى السَكُوْنِ with pronous أنَا – نَحْنُ – أنْتَ – أنْتِ – أنْتُمَا – أنْتُمْ – أنْتُنَّ
(هُمْ ذَهَبُوْا) مَبْنِيٌ عَلَى الضَّمِ with pronous هُمْ
الفِعْلُ المُضَارِعِ – The present tense
الفِعْلُ المُضَارِعُ is مُعْرَبٌ (declines) which means it is مَرْفُوْعٌ when it is not followed by particles أَنْ – لَنْ – لَمْ, it is مَنْصُوْبٌ after particles أَنْ – لَنْ and مَجْزُوْمٌ after particle لَمْ. However, it is مَبْنِيٌ with نُوْنُ النِسْوَةِ.
مَرْفُوْعٌ (Without particles like أنْ – لَنْ – لَمْ)
(أنَا أذْهَبُ – نَحْنُ نَذْهَبُ – أنْتَ تَذْهَبُ – هُوَ يَذْهَبُ – هِيَ تَذْهَبُ) عَلَامَةُ الرَّفْعِ الضَّمَّةُ with pronouns أنَا – نَحْنُ – أنْتَ – هُوَ – هِيَ
عَلَامَةُ الرَّفْعِ النُّوْنُ (أنْتِ تَذْهَبِيْنَ – أنْتُمَا تَذْهَبَانِ – أنْتُمْ تّذْهَبُوْنَ – هُمَا يَذْهَبَانِ – هُمْ يَذْهَبُوْنَ) with pronouns أنْتِ – أنْتُمَا – أنْتُمْ – هُمَا – هُمْ These are called الأفْعَالُ الخَمْسَةُ
مَنْصًوْبٌ (With particles like أنْ – لَنْ )
(أنَا أذْهَبَ – نَحْنُ نَذْهَبَ – أنْتَ تَذْهَبَ – هُوَ يَذْهَبَ – هِيَ تَذْهَبَ) عَلَامَةُ النَّصْبِ الفَتْحَةُ with pronouns أنَا – نَحْنُ – أنْتَ – هُوَ – هِيَ
عَلَامَةُ النَّصْبِ حَذْفُ النُّوْنِ (أنْتِ تَذْهَبِيْ – أنْتُمَا تَذْهَبَا – أنْتُمْ تّذْهَبُوْا – هُمَا يَذْهَبَا – هُمْ يَذْهَبُوْا) with pronouns أنْتِ – أنْتُمَا – أنْتُمْ – هُمَا – هُمْ These are called الأفْعَالُ الخَمْسَةُ
مَجْزُوْمٌ (With particles like لَمْ)
(أنَا أذْهَبْ – نَحْنُ نَذْهَبْ – أنْتَ تَذْهَبْ – هُوَ يَذْهَبْ – هِيَ تَذْهَبْ) عَلَامَةُ الجَّزْمِ السَّكُوْنُ with pronouns أنَا – نَحْنُ – أنْتَ – هُوَ – هِيَ
عَلَامَةُ الجَّزْمِ حَذْفُ النُّوْنِ (أنْتِ تَذْهَبِيْ – أنْتُمَا تَذْهَبَا – أنْتُمْ تّذْهَبُوْا – هُمَا يَذْهَبَا – هُمْ يَذْهَبُوْا) with pronouns أنْتِ – أنْتُمَا – أنْتُمْ – هُمَا – هُمْ These are called الأفْعَالُ الخَمْسَةُ
مَبْنِيٌ (With نُوْنُ النِسْوَةِ)
(هُنَّ يَذْهَبْنَ – أنْتُنَّ تَذْهَبْنَ)
Lesson 5
ُالمُثَنَّى – جَمْعُ المُذَكِّرِ السَّالِمِ – جَمْعَ المُؤَنَّثِ السَّالِمِ – جَمْعُ التَكْسِيْرِ
In the Arabic language, a word that indicates a dual form is called المُثّنَّى (dual), a word that indicates more than two masculine is called جَمْعُ المُذَكَّرِالسَّالِمِ (masculine sound plurals) and a word that indicates more than two feminine is called جَمْعُ المُؤَنَّثِ السَّالِمِ (feminine sound plurals). These words follow some patterns. However, there are some plurals that do not follow any pattern which are called جَمْعُ التَكْسِيْرِ (broken plurals).
المُفْرِدُ – Singular
مُسْلِمٌ – a muslim when it is مَرْفُوْعٌ
مُسْلِمًا – a muslim when it is مَنْصُوْبٌ
مُسْلِمٍ – a muslim when it is مَجْرُوْرٌ
المُثَنَّى – Dual
مُسْلِم + انِ = مُسْلِمَانِ adding انِ with المُفْرِدُ (الألف is the sign that it is مَرْفُوْعٌ)
مُسْلِم + ينِ = مُسْلِمَيْنِ adding ينِ with المُفْرِدُ (اليَاءُ is the sign that it is مَنْصُوْبٌ or مَجْرُوْرٌ)
جَمْعُ المُذَكَّرِ السَّالِمِ – Masculine Sound Plurals
مُسْلِم + ونَ = مُسْلِمُوْنَ adding ونَ with المُفْرِدُ (الواو is the sign that it is مَرْفُوْعٌ)
مُسْلِم + ينَ = مُسْلِمَيْنَ adding ينَ with المُفْرِدُ (اليَاءُ is the sign that it is مَنْصُوْبٌ or مَجْرُوْرٌ)
جَمْعُ المُؤَنَّثِ السَّالِمِ – Feminine Sound Plurals
مُسْلِم + اتٌ = مُسْلِمَاتٌ adding اتٌ with المُفْرِدُ (الضَمَّةُ is the sign that it is مَرْفُوْعٌ)
مُسْلِم + اتٍ = مُسْلِمَاتٍ adding اتٍ with المُفْرِدُ (الكَسْرَةُ is the sign that it is مَنْصُوْبٌ or مَجْرُوْرٌ)
جَمْعُ التَكْسِيْرِ – Broken Plurals
مَسْجِدٌ – مَسَاجِدُ
طَالِبٌ – طُلَّابٌ
ُعَالِمٌ – عُلَمَاء
Broken plurals are without any pattern and their signs are same as singular:
الضَمَّةُ is the sign that it is مَرْفُوْعٌ
النَّصْبُ is the sign that is the مَنْصُوْبٌ
الكَسْرَةُ is the sign that it is مَجْرُوْرٌ
Lesson 6
التَّرْتِيْبُ فِيْ الجُمْلَةِ : التَّرْتِيْبُ فِيْ الجُمْلَةِ الاِسْمِيَّةِ – التَّرْتِيْبُ فِيْ الجُمْلَةِ الفِعْلِيَّةِ
التَّرْتِيْبُ فِيْ الجُمْلَةِ الاِسْمِيَّةِ – The order in the nominal sentence
1- المُبْتَدَأُ comes before الخَبَرُ and this is a normal order in a nominal sentence.
2- It is permissible to bring الخَبَرُ before المُبْتَدَأُ when الخَبَرُ is important.
3- When المُبْتَدَأُ and الخَبَرُ are both proper noun, المُبْتَدَأُ must come before الخَبَرُ.
4- When الخَبَرُ is a sentence (nominal or verbal), المُبْتَدَأُ must come before الخَبَرُ.
5- When المُبْتَدَأُ is a common noun and الخَبَرُ is a fragment (شِبْهُ الجُمْلَةِ), الخَبَرُ must come before المُبْتَدَأُ.
6- When الخَبَرُ is a noun for questioning (اِسْمُ اِسْتَفْهَامِ), الخَبَرُ must come before المُبْتَدَأُ.
التَّرْتِيْبُ فِيْ الجُمْلَةِ الفِعْلِيَّةِ – The order in the verbal sentence
1- Normal order is a verb (الفِعْلُ), subject (الفَاعِلُ) and object (المُفْعُوْلُ بِهِ).
2- A subject cannot come before the verb.
3- It is permissible to bring the object before the subject if it is more important.
Lesson 7
الحُرُوْفُ النَّاسِخَةُ (إنَّ وأَخْوَاتُهَا)
“Inna” and its sisters
“Inna” and its sisters come with a nominal sentence and cancel the “Irab” of the sentence. المُبْتَدَأُ becomes اِسْمُ إِنَّ in مَنْصُوْبٌ form and الخَبَرُ becomes خَبَرُ إِنَّ in مَرْفُوْعٌ form.
Sisters of “Inna“
إِنَّ (Indeed) is used for an emphasis
أَنَّ (That) is used for a connection of the nominal sentence with what has come before
كَأنَّ (As if) is used to make some similarity
لَكِنَّ (But) is used to make an opposite statement than what has come before
لَيْتَ (I wish) is used to express a wish
لَعَلَّ (Hopefully) is used for hope
Lesson 8
الأَفْعَالُ النَّاسِخَةُ (كَانَ وأَخْوَاتُهَا) – الاِسْمُ المُوْصُوْلُ
“Kana” and its sisters
“Kana” comes with a nominal sentence and cancels the time of the action. المُبْتَدَأُ becomes اِسْمُ كَانَ in مَرْفُوْعٌ form and الخَبْرُ becomes خَبْرُ كَانَ in مَنْصُوْبٌ form.
Sisters of “Kana“
صَارَ is used to say “become”
ظَلَّ is used to say “continued”
مَازَالَ is used to say “still”
مَادَامَ is used to say “as long as”
لَيْسَ is used to make a negation
الاِسْمُ المُوْصُوْلُ – Relative Pronoun
Relative pronoun is a proper noun that indicates a person or a thing that connects it with a sentence that comes after (صِلَّةُ المُوْصُوْلِ).
رَأَيْتُ الرَّجُلُ الَّذِيْ أَبُوْهُ طَبِيْبٌ I saw the man whose father was a doctor.
Here الَّذِيْ is relative pronoun that connects the man (الرَّجُلُ) with (صِلَّةُ المُوْصُوْلِ) nominal sentence (أَبُوْهُ طَبِيْبٌ) coming after it.
These are the relative pronouns used in the Arabic language:
الَّذِي Used for masculine singular and it is مَبْنِيٌّ (does not decline)
الَّتِي Used for feminine singular and it is مَبْنِيٌّ (does not decline)
الَّذَاْنِ Used for masculine dual and it is مُعْرَبٌ (الَّذَانِ = مَرْفُوْعٌ and الَّذَيْنِ = مَنْصُوْبٌ / مَجْرُوْرٌ)
الَّتَانِ Used for feminine dual and it is مُعْرَبٌ (الَّتَانِ = مَرْفُوْعٌ and الَّتَيْنِ = مَنْصُوْبٌ / مَجْرُوْرٌ)
الَّذِيْنَ Used for masculine plural and it is مَبْنِيٌّ (does not decline)
اللَّاتِي Used for feminine plural and it is مَبْنِيٌّ (does not decline)
Lesson 9
الفِعْلُ المَبْنِيُّ لِلْمَجْهُوْلِ – فَعْلُ الأَمْرِ – اسْمُ الاِسْتَفْهَامِ وحَرْفُ الاِسْتَفْهَامِ
We use passive voice verb (الفِعْلُ المَبْنِيًّ لِلْمَجْهُوْلِ) when we do not know the subject (الفَاعِلُ) or the subject (الفَاعِلُ) is everyone or the subject (الفَاعِلُ) is not important while the object (المَفْعُوْلُ بِهِ) is very important.
فُتِحَ البَابُ The door was opened (not knowing who opened the door)
عُرِفَ السَّبَبُ The reason was known (everybody knew the reasosn)
قُتِلَ الرَّئِيْسُ The president was killed (it is not important who killed the president, the important is that the president was killed)
Since in this verb form, the subject (الفَاعِلُ) is unknown, so the object (المَفْعُوْلُ بِهِ) takes the place of the subject (الفَاعِلُ) and it is called deputy of the subject (نَائِبُ الفَاعِلِ) and it is مَرْفْوْعٌ (Un or U sound in Arabic).
الفِعْلُ الأَمْرِ – The commanding verb
This verb is used to command something from someone. This verb is مَجْزُوْمٌ (no sound in Arabic) and without the particle of the present tense (حَرْفُ المُضَارِعِ). Since without the particle of the present tense (حَرْفُ المُضَارِعِ), the next letter may have no sound, so Alif (الأَلِفُ) is added to pronunciate the verb which is called الألِفُ الوَصْلِ.
يَذْهَبُ (He goes)
تَذْهَبُ (You go)
اِذْهَبْ (Go!) This is the commanding verb after removing التَّاءُ (حَرْفُ المُضَارِعِ) adding الأَلِفُ الوَصْلِ (as you cannot pronunciate this word without it) and then making it مَجْزُوْمٌ.
Note that the command can only be given to the second person pronouns (أنْتَ أنْتِ أنْتُمَا أنْتُمْ أنْتُنَّ).
اِسْمُ الاِسْتَفْهَامِ – Noun of questioning
This noun always comes in the beginning of a sentence whether it is a nominal sentence or a verbal sentence (الجُمْلَةُ الاِسْمِيَةُ والجُمْلَةُ الفِعْلِيَةُ):
مَاذَا What (most commonly followed by a verb – الجُمْلَةُ الفِعْلِيَّةُ) – What are you doing? مَاذَا تَفْعَلُ
مَا What (most commonly followed by a noun – الجُمْلَةُ الاِسْمِيَّةُ) – What is your name? مَا اسْمُكَ
مَنْ Who – Who are you? مَنْ أنْتَ
مَتَى When – When do we eat? مَتَى نَأكُلُ
أَيْنَ Where – Where is the book? أيْنَ الكِتَابُ
كَيْفَ How – How are you? كَيْفَ حَالُكَ
حَرْفُ الاِسْتَفْهَامِ – Particle of questioning
This particle is used when the answer to a question is in ‘yes’ or ‘no’:
هَلْ Do/does – Do you drink coffee? هَلْ تَشْرَبُ القَهْوَةَ
أَ Is/are – Are you a student? أأنْتَ طَالِبٌ
Lesson 10
الجِذْرُ والوَزْنُ – اسْمُ الفَاعِلِ – اسْمُ المَفْعُوْلِ – الْمَصْدَرُ
The Arabic words are formed from the roots (الجّذُوْرُ) and normally there are three root letters. However, not every word has a root (الجِذْرُ), so the particles (الحَرُوْفُ) have no roots and similarly some nouns have no roots.
In all the roots (الجّذُوْرٌ) there is a pattern (الوَزْنُ) to make the words and the words formed from the same root letters are close in meaning :
كَاتِبٌ (a writer) comes from the root letter ك ت ب and it is on the pattern (الوَزْنُ) of فَاعِلٌ
كِتَابٌ (a book) comes from the root letter ك ت ب and it is on the pattern (الوَزْنُ) of فِعَالٌ.
مَكْتَبَةٌ (a library) comes from the root letters ك ت ب and it is on the pattern (الوَزْنُ) of مَفْعَلَةٌ.
اِسْمُ الفَاعِلِ – Active particlple
This is a word that indicates who is the doer of the action and it is on the pattern of فَاعِلٌ like كَاتِبٌ (a writer).
اسْمُ المَفْعُوْلِ – Passive particlple
This is a word that indicates the one on which the action was done and it is on the pattern of مَفْعُوْلٌ like مَشْرُوْبٌ (a drink).
المَصْدَرُ – The verbal noun
This is a noun (اسْمٌ) from where a verb (فِعْلٌ) originates. Since, there is no fixed pattern for such nouns, so we will come to know about it from the dictionary. For example, شُرْبٌ (drinking) is the source (المَصْدَرُ) that originates from the root letters ش ر ب for a verb شَرِبَ (he drank).
Lesson 11
التَّوَابِعُ : الصِّفَةُ – العَطْفُ – البَدَلُ – التَّوكِيْدُ
الصِّفَةُ – The adjective
The adjective follows the noun it describes (المَوْصُوْفُ):
1- When المَوْصُوْفُ is مَرْفُوْعٌ, its adjective (الصِّفَةُ) is مَرْفُوْعٌ, when المَوْصُوْفُ is مَنْصُوْبٌ, its adjective (الصِّفَةُ) is مَنْصُوْبٌ and when المَوْصُوْفُ is مَجْرُوْرٌ, its adjective (الصِّفَةُ) is مَجْرُوْرٌ.
2- When المَوْصُوْفُ is masculine, its adjective (الصِّفَةُ) is masculine and when المَوْصُوْفُ is feminine, its adjective (الصِّفَةُ) is feminine.
3- When المَوْصُوْفُ is a proper noun, its adjective (الصِّفَةُ) is a proper noun and when المَوْصُوْفُ is a common noun, its adjective (الصِّفَةُ) is a common noun.
4- When المَوْصُوْفُ is singular, its adjective (الصِّفَةُ) is singular, when المَوْصُوْفُ is dual, its adjective (الصِّفَةُ) is dual and when المَوْصُوْفُ is plural, its adjective (الصِّفَةُ) is plural.
العَطْفُ – The connector
These are the particles of connecting (حَرُوْفُ العَطْفِ):
و (And) This particle is used to connect a word (المَعْطُوْفُ) with another word (المَعْطُوْفُ عَلَيْهِ).
ف (Then) This particle is used not only to connect المَعْطُوْفُ with its المَعْطُوْفُ عَلَيْهِ but also to show their order (of occurence in a span of short time).
ثُمَّ (Then) This particle is used not only to connect المَعْطُوْفُ with its المَعْطُوْفُ عَلَيْهِ but also to show their order (of occurence in a span of long time).
أَوْ (Or) This particle is used for a choice.
When المَعْطُوْفُ عَلَيْهِ is مَرْفُوْعٌ, its المَعْطُوْفُ is مَرْفُوعٌ when المَعْطُوْفُ عَلَيْهِ is مَنْصُوْبٌ, its المَعْطُوْفُ is مَنْصُوْبٌ and when المَعْطُوْفُ عَلَيْهِ is مَجْرُوْرٌ, its مَعْطُوْفُ is مَجْرُوْرٌ.
البَدَلُ – The substitute
The substitute follows the word it substitutes (المُبْدَلُ مِنْهُ). When المُبْدَلُ مِنْهُ is مَرْفُوْعٌ, its substitute (البَدَلُ) is مَرْفُوعٌ, when المُبْدَلُ مِنْهُ is مَنْصُوْبٌ, its substitute (البَدَلُ) is مَنْصُوْبٌ and when المُبْدَلُ مِنْهُ is مَجْرُوْرٌ, its substitute (البَدَلُ) is مَجْرُوْرٌ.
التَّوْكِيْدُ – The emphasis
The emphasis follows the word it makes an emphasis on (المُؤْكَّدُ). When المُؤَكَّدُ is مَرْفُوْعٌ, its emphasis (التَّوْكِيْدُ) is مَرْفُوعٌ, when المُؤَكَّدُ is مَنْصُوْبٌ, its emphasis (التَّوْكِيْدُ) is مَنْصُوْبٌ and when المُؤَكَّدُ is مَجْرُوْرٌ, its emphasis (التَّوْكِيْدُ) is مَجْرُوْرٌ.
Lesson 12
لَا” النَّافِيَةُ لِلْجِنْسِ – المُتّعَدِّي لِمَفْعُوْلِيْنِ : ظَنَّ وحَسِبَ – أعْطَى ومَنَحَ
لَا النَّافِيَةُ لِلْجِنْسِ – The ‘la’ of absolute negation
This is a particle of cancelling from the sisters of Inna (حَرْفٌ نَاسِخٌ مِن أخْوَاتِ إِنَّ) that negates الخَبَرُ for the whole genus of its Ism (اِسْمُهَا) and the الاِسْمُ becomes اِسْمُ “لَا” النَّافِيَةُ لِلْجِنْسِ which is مَنْصُوْبٌ and الخَبْرُ becomes الخَبَرُ “لا” النَّافِيَةُ لِلْجِنْسِ which is مَرْفُوْعٌ. For example, when we say لَا جَائِعَ عَاقِلٌ no hungry person is sane, this ‘la’ is making an absolute negation of الخَبَرُ (sane person) in the category of الاِسْمُ (hungry). So, جائعَ is اِسْمُ “لَا” النَّافِيَةُ لِلْجِنْسِ which is مَنْصُوْبٌ and عَاقِلٌ is الخَبَرُ “لا” النَّافِيَةُ لِلْجِنْسِ which is مَرْفُوْعٌ.
المُتَعَدِّي لِمَفْعُوْلِيْنِ – Transitive verbs that take two objects (مَفْعُوْلٌ بِهِ)
a- ظَنَّ وحَسِبَ etc.
These are the transitive verbs which take two objects (مَفْعُوْلٌ بِهِ) that are orignally المُبْتَدَأ والخَبَرُ in the nominal sentence (الجُمْلَةُ الاِسْمِيَةُ) after we remove the verb (الفِعْلُ) and its subject (الفَاعِلُ) from the sentence.
ظَنَّ الخَلِيْفَةُ الرَّجُلَ أَسَدّا جَائعًا The caliph assumed the man as a hungry lion.
Here (الرَّجُلَ) and (أَسَدًا) are the two objects (المَفْعُوْلُ بِهِ) which will make المُبْتَدَأ والخَبَرُ in a nominal sentence الرَّجُلُ أَسَدٌ (The man is a lion).
b- أَعْطَى ومَنَحَ etc.
These are the transitive verbs which take two objects (مَفْعُوْلٌ بِهِ) that are not orignally المُبْتَدَأ والخَبَرُ in the nominal sentence (الجُمْلَةُ الاِسْمِيَةُ) after we remove the verb (الفِعْلُ) and its subject (الفَاعِلُ) from the sentence.
يُعْطِي الفَقِيْرَ نَقُوْدًا He gives money to the poor.
Here (الفَقِيْرَ) and (نَقُوْدًا) are two objects (المَفْعُوْلُ بِهِ) which will not make المُبْتَدَأ والخَبَرُ because الفَقِيْرُ نَقْوْدٌ (The poor is money) would be an incorrect statement.
Lesson 13
الصَّحِيْحٌ والمُعْتَلُّ – أَنْوَاعُ الفِعْلِ الصَحِيْحِ – أَنْوَاعُ الفِعْلِ المُعْتَلِّ
الصَّحِيْحُ والمُعْتَلُّ – The sound and weak verbs
A verb that has one of the weak letters (حَرُوْفُ العِلَّةِ) like (ا و ي) in its roots is called الفِعْلُ المُعْتَلُّ (the weak verb) and if it does not have any such weak letters, it is called الفِعْلُ الصَّحِيْحُ (the sound verb).
أَنْوَاعُ الفِعْلِ الصَّحِيْحِ – Kinds of the الصَّحِيْحُ sound verbs
1- الصَّحِيْحُ المَهْمُوْزُ This is a verb that has “Hamza” (ء) in one of its root letters like سَأَلَ with root letters (س ء ل)
2- الصَّحِيْحُ المُضَاعَفُ This is a verb that has doubling of a root letter like قَصَّ with root letters (ق ص ص)
3- الصَّحِيْحُ السَّالِمُ This is a verb that has neither “Hamza” (ء) nor doubling of a root letter like نَصَرَ with root letters (ن ص ر)
أَنْوَاعُ الفِعْلِ المُعْتَلِّ – Kinds of the المُعْتَلُّ weak verbs
1- الفِعْلُ المِثَالُ This is a verb that has the first letter as one of the الحَرُوْفُ العِلَّةِ (ا و ي) in its roots like وَجَدَ with root letters (و ج د)
2- الفِعْلُ الأَجْوَفُ This is a verb that has the second letter as one of the الحَرُوْفُ العِلَّةِ (ا و ي) in its roots like قَالَ with root letters (ق و ل)
3- الفِعْلُ النَّاقِصُ This is a verb that has the third letter as one of the الحَرُوْفُ العِلَّةِ (ا و ي) in its roots like دَعَا with root letters (د ع و)
Note that (ا) is not any original root letter in Arabic, it is actually a transformation of letter (و) or (ي).
Lesson 14
المَفْعُوْلُ مَعَهُ – المَفْعُوْلُ لَهُ – المَفْعُوْلُ المُطْلَقُ – النَّائِبُ عَنِ المَفْعُوْلِ المُطْلَقِ
المَفْعُوْلُ مَعَهُ – The object of accompaniment
A word in the مَنْصُوْبٌ form that indicates something that was with the main verb in the sentence. There is حَرَفُ الوَاوِ (و) before المَفْعُوْلُ مَعَهُ which is called وَاوُ المَعِيَّةِ and it is different from وَاوُ العَطْفِ (particle of connecting)
قَرَأْتُ القُرْآنَ وَالنَّهَارَ I read the Quran in the beginnig of the day. Here النَّهَارَ is المَفْعُوْلُ مَعَهُ which indicates that the day break accompanied the reading of the Quran.
المَفْعُوْلُ لَهُ – The object of purpose
A word in the مَنْصُوْبٌ form that tells why the subject (الفَاعِلُ) did this action (فِعْلٌ) and this is always مَصْدَرٌ.
أعْطَاهُ النَقُوْدَ سَاعِدًا He gave him money out of help. Here سَاعِدًا is المَفْعُوْلُ لَهُ that tells the purpose of giving money and it is مَصْدَرٌ.
المَفْعُوْلُ المُطْلَقُ – The absolute object
This is the مَصْدَرٌ of the same verb (فِعْلٌ) in the sentence and it is مَنْصُوْبٌ which is used in the sentence to emphasize the action or to specify the kind of the action or the number of times the action was done.
اِنْتَظَرْتُكَ اِنْتَظَارًا I really waited for you. Here اِنْتَظَارًا is المَفْعُوْلُ المُطْلَقُ which is مَصْدَرٌ of the main verb اِنْتَظَرَ that emphasizes the verb.
اِنْتَظَرْتُكَ اِنْتَظَارًا طَوِيْلًا I waited for you for a long time. Here اِنْتَظَارًا specifies the kind of the action (waiting for long).
سَأَلْتَنِيْ سَؤَالَيْنِ You asked me two questions. Here سَؤَالَيْنِ is the dual for سَؤَالٌ in مَنْصُوْبُ form which is مَصْدَرٌ of verb سَأَلَ used in the sentence that specifies the number of times the action of questioning was done.
النَّائبُ عَنِ المَفْعُوْلِ المُطْلَقِ – The deputy of the obsolute object
1- When we use an adjective of المَفْعُوْلُ المُطْلَقُ in the sentence and omit المَفْعُوْلُ المُطْلَقُ, that adjective becomes the deputy of المَفْعُوْلُ المُطْلَقُ.
2- When we use كُلَّ as مُضَافٌ and مَصْدَرٌ as مُضَافُ إِلَيْهِ, we say that كُلَّ is the deputy of the المَفْعُوْلُ المُطْلَقُ.
3- When we use a number without mentioning the مَصْدَرٌ of the main verb in the sentence, that number takes the place of المَفْعُوْلُ المُطْلِقُ and it is called deputy of the المَفْعُوْلُ المَطْلِقُ.
اِنْتَظَرْتُكَ طَوِيْلًا I waited for you for long time. Here we have omitted اِنْتَظَارًا (which would have been المَفْعُوْلُ المُطْلَقُ) and left its adjective طَوْيْلًا which takes the place of المَفْعُوْلُ المُطْلَقُ and becomes deputy of the absolute object (النَّائِبُ عَنِ المَفْعُوْلِ المُطْلَقِ).
أَنَا أَقْدِرُ عَلَيْهَا كَلَّ المَقْدِرَةِ I am fully capable of it. Here مَقْدِرَةٌ is a مَصْدَرٌ of the verb قَدَرَ used in the sentence as مَضَافُ إِلَيْهِ, therefore كُلَّ takes its place and becomes deputy of the absolute object (النَّائِبُ عَنِ المَفْعُوْلِ المُطْلَقِ).
سَأَلْتَنِيْ مَرَّتَيْنِ You asked me twice. Here we are omitting سُؤَالَيْنِ (which would have been المَفْعُوْلُ المُطْلَقُ) and just using a number مَرَّتَيْنِ that becomes deputy of the absolute object (النَّائِبُ عَنِ المَفْعُوْلِ المُطْلَقِ).
Lesson 15
الظَّرْفُ (المَفْعُوْلُ فِيْهِ) – ظَرْفُ الزَّمَانِ – ظَرْفُ المَكَانِ – الحَالُ
ظَرْفُ الزَّمَانِ – The adverb of time
The word in مَنْصُوْبٌ form that gives the answer to question “when”.
خَرَجَ الشَّابُ لَيْلًا The young man left at night. لَيْلًا is ظَرْفُ الزَّمَانِ which tells when the young man left.
غّدًا – صَبَّاحًا – مَسَاءً etc. are some important words that are used as ظَرْفُ الزَّمَانِ. However, they are not specific to ظَرْفُ الزَّمَانِ and they become ظَرْفُ الزَّمَانِ only when they answer the question “when”. Also, some words like أَمْسِ – الآنَ – مُنْذُ that are used for ظَرفُ الزَّمَانِ but they are not مَنْصُوْبٌ because they are مَبْنِيٌ.
ظَرْفُ المَكَانِ – The adverb of place
The word in مَنْصُوْبٌ form that gives the answer to question “where”.
كَانَ الشَّابُ يَجْلِسُ تَحْتَ الشَّجَرَةِ The young man was sitting under the tree. تَحْتَ is ظَرْفُ الزَّمَانِ which tells where the young man was sitting.
أَمَامَ – وَرَاءَ – خَلْفَ – فَوْقَ – تَحْتَ etc. are some important words that are used as ظَرْفُ المَكَانِ. However, they are not specific to ظَرْفُ المَكَانِ and they become ظَرْفُ المَكَانِ only when they answer the question “where”. Also, some words like حَيْثُ – هُنَا – هُنَاكَ that are used for ظَرفُ المَكَانِ but they are not مَنْصُوْبٌ because they are مَبْنِيٌ.
الحَالُ – The state
The word in مَنْصُوْبٌ form that tells the state of the subject (الفَاعِلُ) or the object (المَفْعُوْلُ بِهِ) at the time of action.
قَالَ الشَّابُ مُتَعَجِّبًا The young man surprisingly said. Here مُتَعَجِّبًا is الحَالُ which tells the state of the young man when he said.
It may be possible that الحَالُ is the whole sentence (جُمْلَةُ الحَالِ) which normally follows by الوَاوُ. This is different from وَاوُ العَطْفِ or وَاوُ المَعِيَّةِ.
كَانَ الشَّابُ يَجْلِسُ تَحْتَ الشَّجَرَةِ وهُوَ يُفَكِّرُ فِيْ المُسْتَقْبَلِ The young man was sitting under the tree while thinking about his future.
Here وهُوَ يُفَكِّرُ فِيْ المُسْتَقْبَلِ is جُمْلَةُ الحَالِ in place of نَصْبٌ.
Lesson 16
المُجّرَّدُ والمَزِيْدُ – الأَوْزَانُ – الأَفْعَالُ المَزِيْدَةُ
الفِعْلُ المُجّرَّدُ – The simple verb
This is the verb that is composed of the root letters only. For example, خَرَجَ is الفِعْلُ المُجَرَّدُ with root letters خ ر ج.
الفِعْلُ المَزِيْدُ – The derived verb
This is the verb that contains one or more letters in addition to the root letters. For example, أَخْرَجَ is الفِعْلُ المَزِيْدُ with أ (Hamza) as an additional letter to the root letters خ ر ج. So, basically this is the derived form of the simple verb.
الأَوْزَانُ – The patterns
These are the verb patterns as follows:
1- الفِعْلُ المُجَرَّدُ is on the pattern of فَعَلَ
2- الفِعْلُ المَزِيْدُ with one additional letter is on the pattern of فَعَّلَ – فَاعَلَ – أَفْعَلَ
3- الفِعْلُ المَزِيْدُ with two additional letters is on the pattern of تَفَاعَلَ – تَفَعَّلَ – اِنْفَعَلَ – اِفْتَعَلَ – اِفْعَلَّ
4- الفِعْلُ المَزِيْدُ with three additional letters is on the pattern of اِسْتَفْعَلَ
الأَفْعَالُ المَزِيْدَةُ – The forms or patterns
فَعَّلَ يُفَعِّلُ – Form II
فَاعَلَ يُفَاعِلُ – Form III
أَفْعَلَ يُفْعِلُ – Form IV
تَفَعَّلَ يَتَفَعَّلُ – Form V
تَفَاعَلَ يَتَفَاعَلُ – Form VI
اِنْفَعَلَ يَنْفَعِلُ – Form VII
اِفْتَعَلَ يَفْتَعِلُ – Form VIII
اِفْعَلَّ يَفْعَلُّ – Form IX
اِسْتَفْعَلَ يَسْتَفْعِلُ – Form X
Lesson 17
اسْمُ التَّفْضِيْلِ – الاِسْمُ المَقْصُوْرُ – الاِسْمُ المَنْقُوْصُ – الاِسْمُ المَمْدُوْدُ – الأَعْدَادُ – التَّمِيْزُ
اسْمُ التَّفْضِيْلِ – The comparative / superlative adjective
This is a word on the pattern of “أَفْعَلُ” used for comparison and preference / superlative.
1- We use “أَفْعَلُ + مِنْ” when we compare two things.
الطَّائِرَةُ أَسْرَعُ مِنَ القِطَارِ The plane is faster than the train. أَسْرَعُ is اسْمُ تَفْضِيْلِ on the pattern of “أفْعَلُ” that compares الطَّائِرَةُ with القِطَارُ in terms of speed. الطَّائِرَةُ is the preferred choice (المُفَضَّلُ) upon القِطَارُ (المُفَضَّلُ عَلَيْهِ).
2- We use اِسْمُ التَّفْضِيْلِ as المُضَافُ and المُفَضَّلُ عَلَيْهِ as المُضَافُ إِلَيْهِ when we compare a thing with everything of its kind.
هَذَا أَحْسَنُ كِتَابٍ This is the best book. Here “أَحْسَنُ” is اسْمُ التَّفْضِيْلِ on the pattern of “أَفْعَلُ” as المُضَافُ and ٍكِتَاب as المُضَافُ إِلَيْهِ.
3- We use it without المُفَضَّلٌ عَلَيْهِ when المُفَضَّلُ is generally preferred.
اللهُ أكْبَرُ Allah is the Greatest.
الاِسْمُ المَقْصُوْرُ – The defective noun (ending in Alif الألِفُ)
This is every (مُعْرَبٌ) declinable noun that has the original ألِفٌ at its end with all the “Irab” as estimated.
الحَبُّ أَعْمَى The love is blind. Here أعْمَى is a defective noun with “Irab” as خَبَرٌ مَرْفُوْعٌ وعَلَاَمَةُ الرَّفْعِ الضَّمَّةُ المُقَدَّرَةُ.
سَاعَدَ الرَّجُلُ الأعْمَى The man helped the blind person. Here الأعْمَى is a defective noun with “Irab” as مَفْعُوْلٌ بِهِ مَنْصُوْبٌ وعَلَامَةُ النَّصْبِ الفَتْحَةُ المَقَدَّرَةُ.
هُوَ كَالأَعْمَى He is like a blind man. Here الأعْمَى is a defective noun with “Irab” as اسْمٌ مَجْرُوْرٌ وعَلَامَةُ الجَرِّ الكَسْرَةُ المُقَدَّرَةُ.
When الاِسْمُ المَقْصُوْرُ has “Tanween“, “Alif” is written but not pronunciated and this is for all noun forms (رَفْعٌ نَصْبٌ جَرٌ).
هّذَا مَعْنًى جَمِيْلٌ This is a beautiful meaning. Here مَعْنًى is a defective noun in the رَفْعٌ state as it is الخَبَرُ.
قَالَ مَعْنًى جَمِيْلًا He said a beautiful meaning. Here مَعْنًى is a defective noun in the نَصْبٌ state as it is مَفْعُوْلٌ بِهِ.
قَالَ شِعْرًا بِمَعْنًى جَمِيْلٍ He recited a poem with a beautiful meaning. Here مَعْنًى is a defective noun in the جَرٌ state as it is الاِسْمُ المَجْرُوْرُ that follows حَرْفُ الجَرِّ البَاءُ.
الاِسْمُ المَنْقُوْصُ – The defective noun (ending in Ya اليَاءُ)
This is every (مُعْرَبٌ) declinable noun that has the original يَاءٌ at its end without شَدَّدَةٌ with some of the “Irab” as estimated.
جَاءَ الحَامِي The protector came. Here الحَامِي is a defective noun with “Irab” as فَاعِلٌ مَرْفُوْعٌ وعَلَاَمَةُ الرَّفْعِ الضَّمَّةُ المُقَدَّرَةُ.
رَأَيْتُ حَامِيًا I saw a protector. Here حَامِيًا is a defective noun with “Irab” as مَفْعُوْلٌ بِهِ مَنْصُوْبٌ وعَلَامَةُ النَّصْبِ الفَتْحَةُ الظَّاهِرَةُ.
نَظَرْتُ إلَى الحَامِي I looked at the protector. Here الحَامِي is a defective noun with “Irab” as اسْمٌ مَجْرُوْرٌ وعَلَامَةُ الجَرِّ الكَسْرَةُ المُقَدَّرَةُ.
When الاِسْمُ المَنْقُوْصُ has “Tanween“, “اليَاءُ” is neither written nor pronunciated except for مَنْصُوْبٌ form.
جَاءَ قَاضٍ A judge came.
رَأَيْتُ قَاضِيًا I saw a judge.
مَرَرْتُ بِقَاضٍ I passed by a judge
الاِسْمُ المَمْدُوْدُ – The extened noun
This is every (مُعْرَبٌ) declinable noun that has extra ألِفٌ at its end followed by “hamza“. This “hamza” may be :
1- Original root letter
نَعِيْشُ فِيْ سَلَامٍ وهِنَاءٍ هُنَا We live in peace and happiness here. Here هِنَاء is الاِسْمُ المَمْدُوْدُ with root letters ه ن ء.
2- Converted from original root letter
الحَيَاءُ مِنَ الإِيْمَانِ Modesty is part of faith. Here حِيَاءٌ is الاِسْمُ المَمْدُوْدُ with original root letters ح ي ي where ي changes to “hamza“. Similarly, for the case of دُعَاءٌ that has root letters د ع و where و changes to “hamza“.
3- Addition for the plural form
العُلَمَاءُ وِرْثَةُ الأَنْبِيَاءِ Scholars are the heirs of the prophets. Here عُلَمَاءُ is الاِسْمُ المَمْدُوْدُ with root letters ع ل م and its plural form takes “hamza“.
4- Addition for the feminine form
مَا كُلُّ سَوْدَاءَ تَمْرَةٌ Not every black thing is a date. Here سَوْدَاءُ is الاِسْمُ المَمْدُوْدُ with root letters س و د and its feminine form takes “hamza“.
الاِسْمُ المَمْدُوْدُ declines normally with its “Irab” as apparent.
السَّمَاءُ صَافِيَةٌ The sky is clear. Here السَّمَاءُ is مُبْتَدَأُ مَرْفُوْعٌ وعَلَامَةُ الرَّفْعِ الضَّمَةُ الظَّاهِرَةُ
رَأيْتُ السَّمَاءَ I saw the sky. Here السَّمَاءَ is مَفْعُوْلٌ بِهِ مَنْصُوْبٌ وعَلَامَةُ النَّصْبِ الفَتْحَةُ الظَّاهِرَةُ
نَظَرْتُ إلى السَّمَاءِ I looked at the sky. Here السَّمَاءِ is اسْمٌ مَجْرُوْرٌ وعَلَامَةُ الجَرِّ الكَسْرَةُ الظّاهِرَةُ
Note that الاِسْمُ المَمْدُوْدُ takes التَّنْوِيْنُ in the case of form 1 and 2 but form 3 and 4 never accept التَّنْوِيْنُ.
الأعْدَادُ – The numbers
Numbers 1-2
Arabic nouns have singlular and dual forms, therefore they do not need numbers to define.
كِتَابٌ A book or كِتَابَانِ two books but when we say كِتابٌ وَاحِدٌ or كِتَابَانِ اثْنَانِ, it is to emphasize the number to show that these are not more than one or two books. So, the عَدَدٌ (number) comes as an adjective to مَعْدُوْدٌ (the thing counted). So عَدَدٌ agrees to its مَعْدُوْدٌ for status (Irab), gender (masculine or feminine), number (singular or plural) and type (common noun or proper noun).
Numbers 3-10
عَدَدٌ disagrees with مَعْدُوْدٌ in gender and مَعْدُوْدٌ is جَمْعٌ مَجْرُوْرٌ as مُضَافُ إِلَيْهِ.
ثَلَاثَةُ كُتُبٍ Three books ثَلَاثُ بَنَاتٍ Three girls
أرْبَعَةُ كُتُبٍ Four books أرْبَعُ بَنَاتٍ Four girls
خَمْسَةُ كُتُبٍ Five books خَمْسُ بَنَاتٍ Five girls
سِتَّةُ كُتُبٍ Six books سِتٌّ بَنَاتٍ Six girls
سَبْعَةُ كُتُبٍ Seven books سَبْعُ بَنَاتٍ Seven girls
ثَمَانِيَةُ كُتُبٍ Eight books ثَمَانِي بَنَاتٍ Eight girls
تِسْعَةُ كُتُبٍ Nine books تِسْعُ بَنَاتٍ Nine girls
عَشْرَةُ كُتُبٍ Ten books عَشْرُ بَنَاتٍ Ten girls
Note that the number declines based on its function in the sentence.
Number 11
عَدَدٌ is in two parts and both are مَبْنِيٌ while مَعْدُوْدٌ is singular مَنْصُوْبٌ. Also, عّدّدٌ agrees to مَعْدُوْدٌ in gender.
أحَدَ عَشَرَ كِتَابًا Eleven books إحْدَى عَشَرَةَ بِنْتًا Eleven girls
Number 12 : عَدَدٌ is in two parts, part one is مُعْرَبٌ مُثّنَّى and part two is مَبْنِيٌ while مَعْدُوْدٌ is singular مَنْصُوْبٌ. Also, عّدّدٌ agrees to مَعْدُوْدٌ in gender.
اِثْنَا عَشَرَ كِتَابًا Twelve books اثْنَتَا عَشَرَةَ بِنَاتٍ Twele girls (مَرْفُوْعٌ)
اِثْنَي عَشَرَ كِتَابًا Twelve books اثْنَتَي عَشَرَةَ بِنَاتٍ Twele girls (مَنْصُوْبٌ أو مَجْرُوْرٌ)
Numbers 13-19
عَدَدٌ is in two parts and both are مَبْنِيٌ while مَعْدُوْدٌ is singular مَنْصُوْبٌ. Also, first part of عّدّدٌ disagrees to مَعْدُوْدٌ in gender wheras the second part agrees.
ثَلَاثَةَ عَشَرَ كِتَابًا Thirteen books ثَلَاثَ عَشَرَةَ بِنْتًا Thirteen girls
And so on upto ninteen.
Numbers 20-30-40 … (The words of knots)
عَدَدٌ is مُعْرَبٌ (declines) coming as جَمْعُ المُذَكَّرِ السَّالِمِ which neither agrees nor disagrees to its مَعْدُوْدٌ because it has only one form whereas مَعْدُوْدٌ is singular مَنْصُوْبٌ.
عِشْرَوْنَ / عِشْرِيْنَ كِتَابًا / بِنْتًا Twenty books / girls
ثَلَاثُوْنَ / ثَلَاثِيْنَ كِتَابًا / بِنْتًا Thirty books / girls
And so on …
Numbers 21-99 (other than 20-30-40 etc.)
عَدَدٌ is in two parts – part one works the same way as numbers 3-10 whereas the second part is same as the words of knots with “وَ” in between while مَعْدُوْدٌ is singular مَنْصُوْبٌ.
سِتَّةٌ وعِشْرُوْنَ كِتَابًا Thirty six books سِتٌّ وعِشْرُوْنَ بِنْتًا
سِتَّةً وعِشْرِيْنَ كِتَابًا Thirty six books سِتًّ وعِشْرِيْنَ بِنْتًا
سِتَّةٍ وعِشْرِيْنَ كِتَابًا Thirty six books سِتٍّ وعِشْرِيْنَ بِنْتًا
Numbers 100-1000 and multiples
عَدَدٌ is مُعْرَبٌ (declines) coming as المُفْرَدُ which neither agrees nor disagrees to its مَعْدُوْدٌ because it has only one form whereas مَعْدُوْدٌ is singular مَجْرُوْرٌ when it is المُفْرَدُ and plural مَجْرُوْرٌ when it is الجَمْعُ.
مِئَةُ / مِئَةَ / مِئَةِ كِتَابٍ / بِنْتٍ One hundred books / girls
مِئَاتُ / مِئَاتِ / مِئَاتِ الكُتُبِ / البِنْتِ Hundreds of books / girls
التَّمِيْزُ – The disambiguation
This is the word that clarifies something vague before it and it is normally after the numbers, weights or measurements or after اسْمُ التَّفْضِيْلِ or even without any measure.
اشْتَرَيْتُ رَطْلًا عَسْلًا I bought a pound of honey (Here عَسْلًا honey is التَّمِيْزُ which clarifies رَطْلًا that is a weight)
شَرِبْتُ كُوْبًا حَلِيْبًا I drank a cup of milk (Here حَلِبْبًا milk is التَّمِيْزُ which clarifies كُوْبًا that is a measurement)
رَأَيْتُ أحَدَ عَشَرَ كَوْكَبًا I saw eleven planets (Here كَوْكَبًا planets is التَّمِيْزُ which clarifies أَحَدَ عَشَرَ that is a number)
أنْتَ أكْثَرُ مِنِّي مَالًا You are more in wealth than me (Here مَالًا wealthy is التَّمِيْزُ which clarifies أكْثَرُ that is اسْمُ التَّفْضِيْلِ)
أزْدَدْتُ عِلْمًا I increased in knowledge. (Here عِلْمًا knowledge is التَّمِيْزُ which clarifies something vague)
Lesson 18
المَمْنُوْعُ مِنْ الصَّرْفِ – اعْرَابُ الفِعْل المُضَارِعِ – حَرُوْفُ نَصْبِ الفِعْلِ المُضَارِعِ – عَلَامَاتُ نَصْبِ الفِعْلِ المُضَارِعِ – حَرُوْفُ جَزْمِ الفِعْلِ المُضَارِعِ – عَلَامَاتُ جَزْمِ الفِعْلِ المُضَارِعِ
المَمْنُوْعِ مِنْ الصَّرْفِ – Diptotes
This is a word which is always without “تَنْوِيْنٌ” and when it is “مَجْرُوْرٌ”, its sign is عَلَامُةُ الجَرِّ الفَتْحَةُ. When it becomes المَعْرِفَةُ by “ال” or it is مُضَافٌ then عَلَامُةُ الجَرِّ الكَسْرَةُ.
صَلَّيْتُ فِيْ مَسَاجِدَ I prayed in mosques (Here مَسَاجِدَ is diptote and مَجْرُوْرٌ وعَلَامَةُ الجَرِّ الفَتْحَةُ)
صَلَّيْتُ فِيْ المَسَاجِدِ I prayed in the mosques (Here المَسَاجِدِ is diptote and مَجْرُوْرٌ وعَلَامَةُ الجَرِّ الكَسْرَةُ because it is المَعْرِفَةُ by “ال”)
صَلَّيْتُ فِيْ المَسَاجِدِ المَدِيْنَةِ I prayed in the mosques of the city (Here مَسَاجِدِ is diptote and مَجْرُوْرٌ وعَلَامَةُ الجَرِّ الكَسْرَةُ because it is مُضَافٌ)
Diptotes are of many types:
1- العَلَمُ – The proper names
- The feminine names like فَاطِمَةُ, عَائِشَةُ, خَدِيْجَةُ
- The masculine names that end with feminine “Ta” like طَلْحَةُ, حَمْزَةُ, رِفْعَتْ
- The foreign names like سَمَرْقَنْدُ
- The words on the pattern of “فُعَلُ” like عَمَرُ
- The words that end with “ان” that is an addition like رَمَضَانُ, عُثْمَانُ
- The words that are on the pttern of a verb like يَثْرِبُ (on the pattern of يَفْعِلُ) and أحْمَدُ (on the pattern of أَفْعَلُ)
2- الصِّفَةُ – The Adjective
- The words on the pattern of “أفْعَلُ” and their femine words on the pattern of “فُعْلَاءُ” and “فُعْلَى” like أَكْبَرُ, كُبْرَى)
- The words on the pattern of “فُعْلَانُ” like تَعْبَانُ and سُكْرَانُ
3- جَمْعُ التَّكْسِيْرِ – Broken Plurals
- The words that end with “اء” that is an addition like عُلَمَاءُ
- The words are on the pattern of ultimate plural forms like مَرَاحِلُ
Lesson 19
الْمَصْدَرُ واسْمُ الفَاعِلِ واسْمُ المَفْعُوْلِ مِنْ الفِعْلِ المَزِيْدِ – اسْمُ المَكَانِ والزَّمَانِ
الْمَصْدَرُ – The Verbal noun
We have studied in lesson 10 that the verbal noun in the simple verb form (الفِعْلُ المُجَرَّدُ) has no fixed pattern and we only come to know about it from the dictionary. Unlike that, all the derived forms of the verb (الفِعْلُ المَزِيْدُ) have a fixed pattern for the verbal noun:
Form II – فَعَّلَ The verbal noun is تَفْعِيْلٌ (عَلَّمَ to teach تَعْلِيْمٌ education)
Form III – فَاعَلَ The verbal noun is مُفَاعَلَةٌ or فِعَالٌ (قَاتَلَ to fight مُقَاتَلَةٌ or قِتَالٌ fighting)
Form IV – أَفْعَلَ The verbal noun is إِفْعَالٌ (أَسْلَمَ to submit إِسْلَامٌ peace / submission to Allah SWT)
Form V – تَفَعَّلَ The verbal noun is تَفَعُّلٌ (تَعَلَّمَ to learn تَعَلُّمٌ learning)
Form VI – تَفَاعَلَ The verbal noun is تَفَاعُلٌ (تَسَامَحَ to tolerate تَسَامُحٌ tolerance / forgiveness)
Form VII – انْفَعَلَ The verbal noun is انْفِعَالٌ (انْفَتَحَ it became opened انْفِتَاحٌ the process of opening up)
Form VIII – افْتَعَلَ The verbal noun is افْتِعَالٌ (اشْتَرَكَ to participate اشْتِرَاكٌ participation / cooperation)
Form IX – افْعَلَّ The verbal noun is افْعِلَاْلٌ (احْمَرَّ to turn red احْمِرَارٌ redness)
Form X – اسْتَفْعَلَ The verbal noun is اسْتَفْعَالٌ (اسْتَخْرَجَ to extract اسْتَخْرَاجٌ extraction / mining)
اسْمُ الفَاعِلِ – Active participle
We have studied in lesson 10 that the active participle from the simple verb form (الفِعْلُ المُجَرَّدُ) is on the pattern of فَاعِلٌ. However, for the case of the derived forms of the verb (الفِعْلُ المَزِيْدُ) there is a process to form active participles:
1- Take present tense form of the verb (فِعْلُ المُضَارِعِ).
2- Replace particle of the present tense verb (حَرْفُ المَضَارِعِ) with “mu”.
3- Give the second last letter a الكَسْرَةُ.
For example, to form an active participle from form IV verb أَسْلَمَ يُسْلِمُ (to submit), we follow the above steps:
1- Take يُسْلِمُ which is present tense form,
2- Replace (يُ) with (مُ) and it will change to مُسْلِمُ,
3- The second last letter already has a كَسْرَةٌ, so active particle would be مُسْلِمٌ (the one who submits).
اسْمُ المَفْعُوْلِ – Passive participle
We have studied in lesson 10 that the active participle from the simple verb form (الفِعْلُ المُجَرَّدُ) is on the pattern of مَفْعُوْلٌ. However, for the case of the derived forms of the verb (الفِعْلُ المَزِيْدُ) there is a process to form passive participles:
1- Take present tense form of the verb (فِعْلُ المُضَارِعِ),
2- Replace particle of the present tense verb (حَرْفُ المَضَارِعِ) with “mu”,
3- Give the second last letter الفَتَحَةُ.
For example, to form an passive participle from form X verb اسْتَقْبَلَ يُسْتَقْبِلُ (to receive), we follow the above steps:
1- Take يُسْتَقْبِلُ which is present tense form,
2- Replace (يُ) with (مُ) and it will change to مُسْتَقْبِلُ,
3- Give the second last letter a فَتَحَةٌ, so active particle would be مُسْتَقْبَلٌ (the one who is received / the future) while the active particple from the same word would be مُسْتَقْبِلٌ (the receiver or host).
اسْمُ المَكَانِ والزَّمَانِ – Noun of place and time
This is a noun derived from a verb to name the fixed location or time associated with the action. This has a specific pattern and epending upon the sentence, it can be مَرْفُوْعٌ or مَنْصُوْبٌ or مَجْرُوْرٌ. This is different from adverb of time and place (ظَرْفُ الزَّمَانِ وظَرْفُ المَكَانِ) that we studied in lesson 15 for they tell when and where the action happened, they have no specific pattern and are always مَنْصُوْبٌ. What are the patterns of اسْمُ المَكَانِ والزَّمَانِ?
a) From simple verb (الفِعْلُ المُجَرَّدُ)
1- Their pattern is مَفْعَلٌ when the present tense verb is on the pattern of يَفْعَلُ or يَفْعُلُ.
لَعِبَ يَلْعَبُ (to play) The noun of place from this verb is مَلْعَبٌ (playground)
2- Their pattern is مَفْعِلٌ when the present tense verb is on the pattern of يَفْعِلُ.
جَلَسَ يَجْلِسُ (to sit) The noun of place from this verb is مَجْلِسٌ (sitting room)
3- There are very few words on the pattern مَفْعِلٌ when the present tense verb is on the pattern of يَفْعُلُ.
سَجَدَ يَسْجَدُ (to prostrate) The noun of place from this verb is مَسْجِدٌ (mosque)
a) From derived verb (الفِعْلُ المَزِيْدُ)
The noun of place and time is on the pattern of passive particle (اسْمُ المَفْعُوْلِ) and we will only understand from the sentence whether is a passive particle or noun of place and time.
اسْتَقْبَلَ يَسْتَقْبِلُ (to receive) and passive particle or noun of place and time (اسْمُ المَفْعُوْلِ واسْمُ المَكَانِ والزَّمَانِ) is مُسْتَقْبَلٌ.
1- الرَّئِيسُ مُبَارِكٌ مُسْتَقْبَلٌ فِيْ الأُرْدُنِّ President Mubarak is welcomed in Jordan. Here مُسْتَقْبَلٌ is اسْمُ المَفْعُوْلِ (the person who is received).
2- الفَجْرُ مُسْتَقْبَلُ الرَّئِيسِ مُبَارِكٍ فِيْ الأُرْدُنِّ Dawn is the time of reception of president Mubarak in Jordan. Here مُسْتَقْبَلٌ is اسْمُ الزَّمَانِ (the time of receiving).
3- مُطَارُ عَمَّانَ مُسْتَقْبَلُ الرَّئِيسِ مُبَارِكٍ فِيْ الأُرْدُنِّ Amman airport is the place of receiption of the president Mubarak in Jordan. Here مُسْتَقْبَلٌ is اسْمُ المَكَانِ (the place of receiving).