Lesson 1:
الجُمْلَةُ المُفِْيْدَةُ – الجُمْلَةُ الاِسْمِيَةُ – المُبْتَدَأُ والخَبَرُ – الإِضَافَةُ
A useful sentences (الجُمْلَةُ المُفِيْدَةُ) is a sentence that makes a complete sense.
For example:
‘Kamal is a student’ is a complete sentence whereas only “Kamal” or only “Student” does not make a complete sentence.
A nominal sentence (الجُمْلَةُ الاِسْمِيَةُ) starts from a noun (المُبْتَدَأُ) followed by the information about that noun (الخَبَرُ) and both المُبْتَدَأ and الخَبَرُ are مَرْفُوْعٌ (U or Un sound in Arabic).
For example:
(كَمَالٌ طَالِبٌ) Kamal is a student where ‘Kamal’ is المُبْتَدَأُ and ‘a student’ is الخَبَرُ.
المُبْتَدَأُ can be a pronoun like هُوَ (He) or اِسْمُ الإِشَارةِ like هَذا (This).
الخَبَرُ can be a noun (الاِسْمٌ), a complete sentence (الجُمْلَةُ) or a fragment (شِبْهُ الجُمْلَةِ).
الطَّالِبُ مُجْتَهِدٌ The student is hardworking (مُجْتَهِدٌ is الخَبَرُ which is a noun)
الطَّالِبُ يَدْرُسُ The student studies (يَدْرُسُ is الخَبَرُ which is a sentence)
الكِتَابُ عَلى الطَّاوِلَةِ The book is on the table (عَلَى الطَّاوِلَةِ is شِبْهُ الجُمْلَةِ)
The possession (الإِضَافَةُ) shows the possession of something to someone. For example, (بَيْتُ كَمَالٍ) Kamal’s house, house is called المُضَافُ (the thing possessed) and Kamal is called المُضَافُ إِلَيْهِ (the possessor).
Note that المُضَافُ إِلَيْهِ is always مَجْرُوْرٌ (E or In sound in Arabic).
Lesson 2:
الجُمْلَةُ الفِعْلِيَةُ – الفَاعِلُ – المَفْعُوْلُ بِهِ – الضَّمَائِرُ
A verbal sentence (الجُمْلَةُ الفِعْلِيَةُ) starts from a verb (فِعْلٌ) followed by the subject (فَاعِلٌ) in مَرْفْوْعٌ form (U or Un sound in Arabic) and sometimes also by the object (مَفْعُوْلٌ بِهِ) in مَنْصُوْبٌ form (A or An sound in Arabic).
For example, (سَمِعَ كَمَالٌ النَّاسَ) Kamal heard the people where ‘heard’ (سَمِعَ) is a verb (فِعْلٌ), ‘Kamal’ is subject (فَاعِلٌ) and ‘the people’ (النَّاسَ) is object (مَفْعُوْلٌ).
الفَاعِلُ can be a noun, a pronoun or a hidden pronoun whereas المَفْعُوْلُ بِهِ can be a noun, a pronoun but never a hidden pronoun.
Lesson 3:
الأَفْعَالُ العَرَبِيَّةُ
There are two kinds of verbs in Arabic – past tense (الفِعْلُ المَاضِي) and present tense (الفِعْلُ المُضَارِعُ).
Lesson 4:
مَا الإِعْرِابُ؟ – إِعْرَابُ الاِسْمِ – إِعْرِابُ الفِعْلِ – الأفْعَالُ الخَمْسَةُ
What is “Irab”?
When we say مُحَمَّدٌ أُسْرَتُهُ كَبِيْرَةٌ Mohammad has a big family. We can define as:
ُمُحَمَّدٌ : مُبْتَدَأٌ مَرْفُوْعٌ وَعَلَامُةُ الرَفْعِ الضَمَّة
This is “Irab” of the word Mohammad which means that المُبْتَدَأُ is مَرْفُوْعٌ and الضَمَّةُ (Un sound) indicates that.
أُسْرَتُهُ كَبِيْرَةٌ : الجُمْلَةُ الاِسْمِيَةُ فِيْ مَحَلِّ رَفْعٍ خَبَرٌ
This is “Irab” of the sentence أُسْرَتُهُ كَبِيْرَةٌ which means that this is a nominal sentence (الجُمْلَةُ الاِسْمِيَةُ) assumed to be مَرْفُوْعٌ coming as الخَبَرُ for مَحَمَّدٌ.
Some nouns (الاِسْمُ المُعْرَبُ) decline from مَرْفُوْعٌ to مَنْصُوْبٌ to مَجْرُوْرٌ (Un An In or U A E sound in Arabic) according to their function in the sentence while other nouns (الاِسْمُ المَبْنِيُّ) do not decline.
الفِعْلُ المَاضِيُ is always مَبْنِيٌ wheras الفِعْلُ المُضَارِعُ is مُعْرَبٌ which means it is مَرْفُوْعٌ when it is not followed by particles أَنْ – لَنْ – لَمْ, it is مَنْصُوْبٌ after particles أَنْ – لَنْ and مَجْزُوْمٌ after particle لَمْ. However, it is مَبْنِيٌ with نُوْنُ النِسْوَةِ.
Lesson 5:
ُالمُثَنَّى – جَمْعُ المُذَكِّرِ السَّالِمِ – جَمْعَ المُؤَنَّثِ السَّالِمِ – جَمْعُ التَكْسِيْرِ
In the Arabic language a word that indicates a dual form is called المُثّنَّى, a word that indicates more than two masculine is called جَمْعُ المُذَكَّرِِالسَّالِمِ and a word that indicates more than two feminine is called جَمْعُ المُؤَنَّثِ السَّالِمِ. These words follow some patterns. However, there are some plurals that do not follow any pattern which are called جَمْعُ التَكْسِيْرِ.
المُفْرِدُ (Singular) :
مُسْلِمٌ – a muslim when it is مَرْفُوْعٌ
مُسْلِمًا – a muslim when it is مَنْصُوْبٌ
مُسْلِمٍ – a muslim when it is مَجْرُوْرٌ
المُثَنَّى (Dual) :
مُسْلِم + انِ = مُسْلِمَانِ adding انِ with المُفْرِدُ (الألف is the sign that it is مَرْفُوْعٌ)
مُسْلِم + ينِ = مُسْلِمَيْنِ adding ينِ with المُفْرِدُ (اليَاءُ is the sign that it is مَنْصُوْبٌ or مَجْرُوْرٌ)
جَمْعُ المُذَكَّرِ السَّالِمِ (Masculine Plural) :
مُسْلِم + ونَ = مُسْلِمُوْنَ adding ونَ with المُفْرِدُ (الواو is the sign that it is مَرْفُوْعٌ)
مُسْلِم + ينَ = مُسْلِمَيْنَ adding ينَ with المُفْرِدُ (اليَاءُ is the sign that it is مَنْصُوْبٌ or مَجْرُوْرٌ)
جَمْعُ المُؤَنَّثِ السَّالِمِ (Feminine Plural) :
مُسْلِم + اتٌ = مُسْلِمَاتٌ adding اتٌ with المُفْرِدُ (الضَمَّةُ is the sign that it is مَرْفُوْعٌ)
مُسْلِم + اتٍ = مُسْلِمَاتٍ adding اتٍ with المُفْرِدُ (الكَسْرَةُ is the sign that it is مَنْصُوْبٌ or مَجْرُوْرٌ)
جَمْعُ التَكْسِيْرِ (Broken Plural) :
مَسْجِدٌ – مَسَاجِدٌ
طَالِبٌ – طُلَّابٌ
عَالِمٌ – عُلَمَاءٌ
Broken plurals are without any pattern and their signs are same as singular:
الضَمَّةُ is the sign that it is مَرْفُوْعٌ
النَّصْبُ is the sign that is the مَنْصُوْبٌ
الكَسْرَةُ is the sign that it is مَجْرُوْرٌ
Lesson 6:
التَّرْتِيْبُ فِيْ الجُمْلَةِ : التَّرْتِيْبُ فِيْ الجُمْلَةِ الاِسْمِيَةِ – التَّرْتِيْبُ فِيْ الجُمْلَةِ الفِعْلِيَةِ
التَّرْتِيْبُ فِيْ الجُمْلَةِ الاِسْمِيَةِ The order in the nominal sentence:
1- المُبْتَدَأُ comes before الخَبَرُ and this is a normal order in a nominal sentence.
2- It is permissible to bring الخَبَرُ before المُبْتَدَأُ when الخَبَرُ is important.
3- When المُبْتَدَأُ and الخَبَرُ are both proper noun, المُبْتَدَأُ must come before الخَبَرُ.
4- When الخَبَرُ is a sentence (nominal or verbal), المُبْتَدَأُ must come before الخَبَرُ.
5- When المُبْتَدَأُ is a common noun and الخَبَرُ is a fragment (شِبْهُ الجُمْلَةِ), الخَبَرُ must come before المُبْتَدَأُ.
6- When الخَبَرُ is a noun for questioning (اِسْمُ اِسْتَفْهَامِ), الخَبَرُ must come before المُبْتَدَأُ.
التَّرْتِيْبُ فِيْ الجُمْلَةِ الفِعْلِيَةِ The order in the verbal sentence:
1- Normal order is a verb (الفِعْلُ), subject (الفَاعِلُ) and object (المُفْعُوْلُ بِهِ).
2- A subject cannot come before the verb.
3- It is permissible to bring the object before the subject if it is more important.
Lesson 7:
الحُرُوْفُ النَّاسِخَةُ (إنَّ وأَخْوَاتُهَا)
“Inna” and its sisters:
“Inna” and its sisters come with a nominal sentence and cancel the “Irab” of the sentence. المُبْتَدَأُ becomes اِسْمُ إِنَّ in مَنْصُوْبٌ form and الخَبَرُ becomes خَبَرُ إِنَّ in مَرْفُوْعٌ form.
Sisters of “Inna”:
إِنَّ (Indeed) is used for an emphasis
أَنَّ (That) is used for a connection of the nominal sentence with what has come before
كَأنَّ (As if) is used to make some similarity
لَكِنَّ (But) is used to make an opposite statement than what has come before
لَيْتَ (I wish) is used to express a wish
لَعَلَّ (Hopefully) is used for hope
Lesson 8:
الأَفْعَالُ النَّاسِخَةُ (كَانَ وأَخْوَاتُهَا) – الاِسْمُ المُوْصُوْلُ
“Kana” and its sisters:
“Kana” comes with a nominal sentence and cancels the time of the action. المُبْتَدَأُ becomes اِسْمُ كَانَ in مَرْفُوْعٌ form and الخَبْرُ becomes خَبْرُ كَانَ in مَنْصُوْبٌ form.
Sisters of “Kana”:
صَارَ is used to say “become”
ظَلَّ is used to say “continued”
مَازَالَ is used to say “still”
مَادَامَ is used to say “as long as”
لَيْسَ is used to make a negation
الاِسْمُ المُوْصُوْلُ (Relative Pronoun)
Relative pronoun is a proper noun that indicates a person or a thing that connects it with a sentence that comes after (صِلَّةُ المُوْصُوْلِ).
For example, if we say:
رَأَيْتُ الرَّجُلُ الَّذِيْ أَبُوْهُ طَبِيْبٌ I saw the man whose father was a doctor.
Here الَّذِيْ is relative pronoun that connects the man (الرَّجُلُ) with the (صِلَّةُ المُوْصُوْلِ) nominal sentence (أَبُوْهُ طَبِيْبٌ) coming after it.
These are the relative pronouns used in the Arabic language:
الَّذِي Used for masculine singular and it is مَبْنِيٌّ
الَّتِي Used for feminine singular and it is مَبْنِيٌّ
الَّذَاْنِ Used for masculine dual and it is مُعْرَبٌ
الَّتَانِ Used for feminine dual and it is مُعْرَبٌ
الَّذِيْنَ Used for masculine plural and it is مَبْنِيٌّ
اللَّاتِي Used for feminine plural and it is مَبْنِيٌّ
Lesson 9:
الفِعْلُ المَبْنِيُّ لِلْمَجْهُوْلِ – فَعْلُ الأَمْرِ – اسْمُ الاِسْتَفْهَامِ وحَرْفُ الاِسْتَفْهَامِ
We use passive voice verb (الفِعْلُ المَبْنِيًّ لِلْمَجْهُوْلِ) when we do not know the subject (الفَاعِلُ) and also when the subject (الفَاعِلُ) is everyone or when the subject (الفَاعِلُ) is not important and the object (المَفْعُوْلُ بِهِ) is very important.
For example:
فُتِحَ البَابُ The door was opened (not knowing who opened the door)
عُرِفَ السَّبَبُ The reason was known (everybody knew the reasosn)
قُتِلَ الرَّئِيْسُ The president was killed (it is not important who killed the president, the important is that the president was killed)
Since in this verb form, the subject (الفَاعِلُ) is unknown, so the object (المَفْعُوْلُ بِهِ) takes the place of the subject (الفَاعِلُ) and it is called deputy of the subject (نَائِبُ الفَاعِلِ) and it is مَرْفْوْعٌ (Un or U sound in Arabic).
The commanding verb (الفِعْلُ الأَمْرِ) is used to command something from someone. This verb is مَجْزُوْمٌ (no sound in Arabic) and without the particle of the present tense (حَرْفُ المُضَارِعِ). Since without the particle of the present tense (حَرْفُ المُضَارِعِ), the next letter may have no sound, so Alif (الأَلِفُ) is added to pronunciate the verb which is called الألِفُ الوَصْلِ.
Noun of questioning (اِسْمُ الاِسْتَفْهَامِ) always comes in the beginning of a sentence whether it is a nominal sentence or a verbal sentence (الجُمْلَةُ الاِسْمِيَةُ والجُمْلَةُ الفِعْلِيَةُ):
مَاذَا Why
مَا What
مَنْ Who
مَتَى When
أَيْنَ Where
كَيْفَ How
Particle of questioning (حَرْفُ الاِسْتَفْهَامِ) is used when the answer to a question is in ‘yes’ or ‘no’:
هَلْ Do/does
أَ Is/are
Lesson 10:
الجِذْرُ والوَزْنُ – اسْمُ الفَاعِلِ – اسْمُ المَفْعُوْلِ – المَصْدَرُ
The Arabic words are formed from the roots (الجّذُوْرُ) and normally there are three root letters. However, not every word has a root (الجِذْرُ), so the particles (الحَرُوْفُ) have no roots and similarly some nouns have no roots.
In all the roots (الجّذُوْرٌ) there is a pattern (الوَزْنُ) to make the words and the words formed from the same root letters are close in meaning:
كَاتِبٌ (writer) comes from the root letter ك ت ب and it is on the pattern (الوَزْنُ) of فَاعِلٌ
كِتَابٌ (book) comes from the root letter ك ت ب and it is on the pattern (الوَزْنُ) of فِعَالٌ.
مَكْتَبَةٌ (library) comes from the root letters ك ت ب and it is on the pattern (الوَزْنُ) of مَفْعَلَةٌ.
Active particlple (اسْمُ الفَاعِلِ) is a word that indicates who is the doer of the action and it is on the pattern of فَاعِلٌ.
كَاتِبٌ (writer) comes from the root letters ك ت ب and it is on the pattern (الوَزْنُ) of فَاعِلٌ.
Passive particlple (اسْمُ المَفْعُوْلِ) is a word that indicates the one on which the action was done and it is on the pattern of مَفْعُوْلٌ.
مَشْرُوْبٌ (a drink) comes from the root letters ش ر ب and it is on the pattern (الوَزْنُ) of مَفْعُوْلٌ.
The source (المَصْدَرُ) is a noun (اسْمٌ) formed from a verb (فِعْلٌ). Since, there is no fixed pattern for such nouns, so we will come to know about it from the dictionary.
شُرْبٌ (drinking) is the source (المَصْدَرُ) that comes from the root letters ش ر ب.
Lesson 11:
التَّوَابِعُ : الصِّفَةُ – العَطْفُ – البَدَلُ – التَّوكِيْدُ
الصِّفَةُ – ‘The adjective’ follows the noun it describes (المَوْصُوْفُ):
1- When المَوْصُوْفُ is مَرْفُوْعٌ, its adjective (الصِّفَةُ) is مَرْفُوْعٌ, when المَوْصُوْفُ is مَنْصُوْبٌ, its adjective (الصِّفَةُ) is مَنْصُوْبٌ and when المَوْصُوْفُ is مَجْرُوْرٌ, its adjective (الصِّفَةُ) is مَجْرُوْرٌ.
2- When المَوْصُوْفُ is masculine, its adjective (الصِّفَةُ) is masculine and when المَوْصُوْفُ is feminine, its adjective (الصِّفَةُ) is feminine.
3- When المَوْصُوْفُ is a proper noun, its adjective (الصِّفَةُ) is a proper noun and when المَوْصُوْفُ is a common noun, its adjective (الصِّفَةُ) is a common noun.
4- When المَوْصُوْفُ is singular, its adjective (الصِّفَةُ) is singular, when المَوْصُوْفُ is dual, its adjective (الصِّفَةُ) is dual and when المَوْصُوْفُ is plural, its adjective (الصِّفَةُ) is plural.
العَطْفُ – Here are some particles of connecting (حَرُوْفُ العَطْفِ):
و (And) This particle is used to connect a word (المَعْطُوْفُ) with another word (المَعْطُوْفُ عَلَيْهِ)
ف (Then) This particle is used not only to connect المَعْطُوْفُ with its المَعْطُوْفُ عَلَيْهِ but also to show their order (of occurance in a span of short time)
ثُمَّ (Then) This particle is used not only to connect المَعْطُوْفُ with its المَعْطُوْفُ عَلَيْهِ but also to show their order (of occurance in a span of long time)
أَوْ (Or) This particle is used for a choice
When المَعْطُوْفُ عَلَيْهِ is مَرْفُوْعٌ, its المَعْطُوْفُ is مَرْفُوعٌ when المَعْطُوْفُ عَلَيْهِ is مَنْصُوْبٌ, its المَعْطُوْفُ is مَنْصُوْبٌ and when المَعْطُوْفُ عَلَيْهِ is مَجْرُوْرٌ, its مَعْطُوْفُ is مَجْرُوْرٌ.
البَدَلُ – ‘The substitute’ follows the word it substitutes (المُبْدَلُ مِنْهُ). When المُبْدَلُ مِنْهُ is مَرْفُوْعٌ, its substitute (البَدَلُ) is مَرْفُوعٌ, when المُبْدَلُ مِنْهُ is مَنْصُوْبٌ, its substitute (البَدَلُ) is مَنْصُوْبٌ and when المُبْدَلُ مِنْهُ is مَجْرُوْرٌ, its substitute (البَدَلُ) is مَجْرُوْرٌ.
التَّوْكِيْدُ – ‘The emphasis’ follows the word it makes an emphasis on (المُؤْكَّدُ). When المُؤَكَّدُ is مَرْفُوْعٌ, its emphasis (التَّوْكِيْدُ) is مَرْفُوعٌ, when المُؤَكَّدُ is مَنْصُوْبٌ, its emphasis (التَّوْكِيْدُ) is مَنْصُوْبٌ and when المُؤَكَّدُ is مَجْرُوْرٌ, its emphasis (التَّوْكِيْدُ) is مَجْرُوْرٌ.
Lesson 12:
لَا” النَّافِيَةُ لِلْجِنْسِ – المُتّعَدِّي لِمَفْعُوْلِيْنِ : ظَنَّ وحَسِبَ – أعْطَى ومَنَحَ
لَا النَّافِيَةُ لِلْجِنْسِ is a particle of cancelling from the sisters of Inna (حَرْفٌ نَاسِخٌ مِن أخْوَاتِ إِنَّ) that negates الخَبَرُ about the whole genus of its Ism (اِسْمُهَا) and the الاِسْمُ becomes اِسْمُ “لَا” النَّافِيَةُ لِلْجِنْسِ which is مَنْصُوْبٌ and الخَبْرُ becomes الخَبَرُ “لا” النَّافِيَةُ لِلْجِنْسِ which is مَرْفُوْعٌ.
المُتَعَدِّي لِمَفْعُوْلِيْنِ – Transitive verbs that take two objects (مَفْعُوْلٌ بِهِ):
a- ظَنَّ وحَسِبَ etc.
These are the transitive verbs which take two objects (مَفْعُوْلٌ بِهِ) that are orignally المُبْتَدَأ والخَبَرُ in the nominal sentence (الجُمْلَةُ الاِسْمِيَةُ) after we remove the verb (الفِعْلُ) and its subject (الفَاعِلُ) from the sentence.
For example:
ظَنَّ الخَلِيْفَةُ الرَّجُلَ أَسَدّا جَائعًا The caliph assumed the man as a hungry lion.
Here (الرَّجُلَ) and (أَسَدًا) are the two objects (المَفْعُوْلُ بِهِ) which will make المُبْتَدَأ والخَبَرُ in a nominal sentence الرَّجُلُ أَسَدٌ (The man is a lion).
b- أَعْطَى ومَنَحَ etc.
These are the transitive verbs which take two objects (مَفْعُوْلٌ بِهِ) that are not orignally المُبْتَدَأ والخَبَرُ in the nominal sentence (الجُمْلَةُ الاِسْمِيَةُ) after we remove the verb (الفِعْلُ) and its subject (الفَاعِلُ) from the sentence.
For example:
يُعْطِي الفَقِيْرَ نَقُوْدًا He gives money to the poor.
Here (الفَقِيْرَ) and (نَقُوْدًا) are two objects (المَفْعُوْلُ بِهِ) which will not make المُبْتَدَأ والخَبَرُ because الفَقِيْرُ نَقْوْدٌ (The poor is money) would be an incorrect sentence.
Lesson 13:
الصَّحِيْحٌ والمُعْتَلُّ – أَنْوَاعُ الفِعْلِ الصَحِيْحِ – أَنْوَاعُ الفِعْلِ المُعْتَلِّ
الصَّحِيْحُ والمُعْتَلُّ – A verb that has one of the weak letters (الحَرُوْفُ العِلَّةِ) like (ا و ي) in its roots is called الفِعْلُ المُعْتَلُّ and if it does not have any such weak letters, it is called الفِعْلُ الصَّحِيْحُ.
أَنْوَاعُ الفِعْلِ الصَّحِيْحِ – Kinds of the الصَّحِيْحُ verb:
1- الصَّحِيْحُ المَهْمُوْزُ This is a verb that has “Hamza” (ء) in one of its root letters like سَأَلَ with root letters (س ء ل)
2- الصَّحِيْحُ المُضَاعَفُ This is a verb that has doubling of a root letter like قَصَّ with root letters (ق ص ص)
3- الصَّحِيْحُ السَّالِمُ This is a verb that has neither “Hamza” (ء) nor doubling of a root letter like نَصَرَ with root letters (ن ص ر)
أَنْوَاعُ الفِعْلِ المُعْتَلِّ – Kinds of the المُعْتَلُّ verbs:
1- الفِعْلُ المِثَالُ This is a verb that has the first letter as one of the الحَرُوْفُ العِلَّةِ (ا و ي) in its roots like وَجَدَ with root letters (و ج د)
2- الفِعْلُ الأَجْوَفُ This is a verb that has the second letter as one of the الحَرُوْفُ العِلَّةِ (ا و ي) in its roots like قَالَ with root letters (ق و ل)
3- الفِعْلُ النَّاقِصُ This is a verb that has the third letter as one of the الحَرُوْفُ العِلَّةِ (ا و ي) in its roots like دَعَا with root letters (د ع و)
Note that (ا) is not any original root letter in Arabic, it is actually a transformation of letter (و) or (ي).
Lesson 14:
المَفْعُوْلُ مَعَهُ – المَفْعُوْلُ لَهُ – المَفْعُوْلُ المُطْلَقُ – النَّائبٌ عَنِ المَفْعُوْلِ المُطْلَقِ
المَفْعُوْلُ مَعَهُ (The object of accompanying) – A word in the مَنْصُوْبٌ form that indicates something that was with the main verb in the sentence. There is حَرَفُ الوَاوِ (و) before المَفْعُوْلُ مَعَهُ which is called وَاوُ المَعِيَّةِ and it is different from وَاوُ العَطْفِ (particle of connecting).
For example:
قَرَأْتُ القُرْآنَ وَالنَّهَارَ I read the Quran in the beginnig of the day. Here النَّهَارَ is المَفْعُوْلُ مَعَهُ which indicates that the day break accompanied the reading of the Quran.
المَفْعُوْلُ لَهُ (The object of purpose) – A word in the مَنْصُوْبٌ form that tells why the subject (الفَاعِلُ) did this action (فِعْلٌ) and this is always مَصْدَرٌ.
For example:
أعْطَاهُ النَقُوْدَ سَاعِدًا He gave him money out of help. Here سَاعِدًا is المَفْعُوْلُ لَهُ that tells the purpose of giving money and it is مَصْدَرٌ.
المَفْعُوْلُ المُطْلَقُ (The absolute object) – This is the مَصْدَرٌ of the same verb (فِعْلٌ) in the sentence and it is مَنْصُوْبٌ which is used in the sentence to emphasize the action or to specify the kind of the action or the number of times the action was done.
For example:
اِنْتَظَرْتُكَ اِنْتَظَارًا I really waited for you. Here اِنْتَظَارًا is المَفْعُوْلُ المُطْلَقُ which is مَصْدَرٌ of the main verb اِنْتَظَرَ that emphasizes the verb.
اِنْتَظَرْتُكَ اِنْتَظَارًا طَوِيْلًا I waited for you for a long time. Here اِنْتَظَارًا specifies the kind of the action (waiting for long).
سَأَلْتَنِيْ سَؤَالَيْنِ You asked me two questions. Here سَؤَالَيْنِ is the dual for سَؤَالٌ in مَنْصُوْبُ form which is مَصْدَرٌ of verb سَأَلَ used in the sentence that specifies the number of times the action of questioning was done.
النَّائبُ عَنِ المَفْعُوْلِ المُطْلَقِ (The deputy of the obsolute object) –
1- When we use an adjective of المَفْعُوْلُ المُطْلَقُ in the sentence and omit المَفْعُوْلُ المُطْلَقُ, that adjective becomes the deputy of المَفْعُوْلُ المُطْلَقُ.
2- When we use كُلَّ as مُضَافٌ and مَصْدَرٌ as مُضَافُ إِلَيْهِ, we say that كُلَّ is the deputy of the المَفْعُوْلُ المُطْلَقُ.
3- When we use a number without mentioning the مَصْدَرٌ of the main verb in the sentence, that number takes the place of المَفْعُوْلُ المُطْلِقُ and it is called deputy of the المَفْعُوْلُ المَطْلِقُ.
For example:
اِنْتَظَرْتُكَ طَوِيْلًا I waited for you for long time. Here we have omitted اِنْتَظَارًا (which would have been المَفْعُوْلُ المُطْلَقُ) and left its adjective طَوْيْلًا which takes the place of المَفْعُوْلُ المُطْلَقُ and becomes deputy of the absolute object (النَّائِبُ عَنِ المَفْعُوْلِ المُطْلَقِ).
أَنَا أَقْدِرُ عَلَيْهَا كَلَّ المَقْدِرَةِ I am fully capable of it. Here مَقْدِرَةٌ is a مَصْدَرٌ of the verb قَدَرَ used in the sentence as مَضَافُ إِلَيْهِ, therefore كُلَّ takes its place and becomes deputy of the absolute object (النَّائِبُ عَنِ المَفْعُوْلِ المُطْلَقِ).
سَأَلْتَنِيْ مَرَّتَيْنِ You asked me twice. Here we are omitting سُؤَالَيْنِ (which would have been المَفْعُوْلُ المُطْلَقُ) and just using a number مَرَّتَيْنِ that becomes deputy of the absolute object (النَّائِبُ عَنِ المَفْعُوْلِ المُطْلَقِ).
Lesson 15:
الظَّرْفُ (المَفْعُوْلُ فِيْهِ) – ظَرْفُ الزَّمَانِ – ظَرْفُ المَكَانِ – الحَالُ
ظَرْفُ الزَّمَانِ – The adverb of time
The word in مَنْصُوْبٌ form that gives the answer to question “when”.
For example:
خَرَجَ الشَّابُ لَيْلًا The young man left at night. لَيْلًا is ظَرْفُ الزَّمَانِ which tells when the young man left.
غّدًا – صَبَّاحًا – مَسَاءً etc. are some important words that are used as ظَرْفُ الزَّمَانِ. However, they are not specific to ظَرْفُ الزَّمَانِ and they become ظَرْفُ الزَّمَانِ only when they answer the question “when”. Also, some words like أَمْسِ – الآنَ – مُنْذُ that are used for ظَرفُ الزَّمَانِ but they are not مَنْصُوْبٌ because they are مَبْنِيٌ.
ظَرْفُ المَكَانِ – The adverb of place
The word in مَنْصُوْبٌ form that gives the answer to question “where”.
For example:
كَانَ الشَّابُ يَجْلِسُ تَحْتَ الشَّجَرَةِ The young man was sitting under the tree. تَحْتَ is ظَرْفُ الزَّمَانِ which tells where the young man was sitting.
أَمَامَ – وَرَاءَ – خَلْفَ – فَوْقَ – تَحْتَ etc. are some important words that are used as ظَرْفُ المَكَانِ. However, they are not specific to ظَرْفُ المَكَانِ and they become ظَرْفُ المَكَانِ only when they answer the question “where”. Also, some words like حَيْثُ – هُنَا – هُنَاكَ that are used for ظَرفُ المَكَانِ but they are not مَنْصُوْبٌ because they are مَبْنِيٌ.
الحَالُ – The state
The word in مَنْصُوْبٌ form that tells the state of the subject (الفَاعِلُ) or the object (المَفْعُوْلُ بِهِ) at the time of action.
For example:
قَالَ الشَّابُ مُتَعَجِّبًا The young man surprisingly said. Here مُتَعَجِّبًا is الحَالُ which tells the state of the young man when he said.
It may be possible that الحَالُ is the whole sentence (جُمْلَةُ الحَالِ) which normally follows by الوَاوُ. This is different from وَاوُ العَطْفِ or وَاوُ المَعِيَّةِ.
For example:
كَانَ الشَّابُ يَجْلِسُ تَحْتَ الشَّجَرَةِ وهُوَ يُفَكِّرُ فِيْ المُسْتَقْبَلِ The young man was sitting under the tree while thinking about his future.
Here وهُوَ يُفَكِّرُ فِيْ المُسْتَقْبَلِ is جُمْلَةُ الحَالِ in place of نَصْبٌ.
Lesson 16:
المُجّرَّدُ والمَزِيْدُ – الأَوْزَانُ – الأَفْعَالُ المَزِيْدَةُ
الفِعْلُ المُجّرَّدُ – This is the verb that is composed of the root letters only. For example, خَرَجَ is الفِعْلُ المُجَرَّدُ with root letters خ ر ج.
الفِعْلُ المَزِيْدُ – This is the verb that contains one or more letters in addition to the root letters. For example, أَخْرَجَ is الفِعْلُ المَزِيْدُ with أ (Hamza) as an additional letter to the root letters خ ر ج.
الأَوْزَانُ – These are the verb patterns as follows:
1- الفِعْلُ المُجَرَّدُ is on the pattern of فَعَلَ
2- الفِعْلُ المَزِيْدُ with one additional letter is on the pattern of فَعَّلَ – فَاعَلَ – أَفْعَلَ
3- الفِعْلُ المَزِيْدُ with two additional letters is on the pattern of تَفَاعَلَ – تَفَعَّلَ – اِنْفَعَلَ – اِفْتَعَلَ – اِفْعَلَّ
4- الفِعْلُ المَزِيْدُ with three additional letters is on the pattern of اِسْتَفْعَلَ
الأَفْعَالُ المَزِيْدَةُ
فَاعَلَ يُفَاعِلُ
فَعَّلَ يُفَعِّلُ
أَفْعَلَ يُفْعِلُ
تَفَاعَلَ يَتَفَاعَلُ
تَفَعَّلَ يَتَفَعَّلُ
اِنْفَعَلَ يَنْفَعِلُ
اِفْتَعَلَ يَفْتَعِلُ
اِفْعَلَّ يَفْعَلُّ
اِسْتَفْعَلَ يَسْتَفْعِلُ